The connection is established by switching systems that connected multiple intermediate call legs between these systems for the duration of the call. Historically, voice and data communications were based on methods of circuit switching, as exemplified in the traditional telephone network, wherein each telephone call is allocated a dedicated, end to end, electronic connection between the two communicating stations. The ARPANET was formally decommissioned in 1990, after partnerships with the telecommunication and computer industry had assured private sector expansion and future commercialization of an expanded world-wide network, known as the Internet. In the early 1980s, the NSF funded the establishment of national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided network access and network interconnectivity with the NSFNET project in 1986. Īccess to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981, when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). Version 4 of TCP/IP was installed in the ARPANET for production use in January 1983 after the Department of Defense made it standard for all military computer networking. As this work progressed, a protocol was developed by which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. Internetworking research in the early 1970s by Bob Kahn at DARPA and Vint Cerf at Stanford University and later DARPA led to the formulation of the Transmission Control Program, which incorporated concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. The network expanded rapidly and was declared operational in 1975 when control passed to the Defense Communications Agency. Further software development enabled remote login, file transfer and email. The first computers were connected in 1969 and the Network Control Program was implemented in 1970.

Roberts engaged Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA to develop mathematical methods for analyzing the packet network technology. ARPA awarded the contract to build the network to Bolt Beranek & Newman who developed the first protocol for the network. He incorporated Donald Davies’ concepts and designs for packet switching, and sought input from Paul Baran. Roberts made the key decisions about the network design. Taylor appointed Larry Roberts as program manager. Licklider, Bob Taylor initiated the ARPANET project in 1966 to enable access to remote computers. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet.

The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ( ARPANET) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite.

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